In the metro I've just been reading a couple of pages from Luce Irigaray's Ethic de
la difference sexuelle. It was a fascinating experience because I
didn't understand a single sentence. I couldn't even find out what the
book is about, except that it has something to do with sex.
This reminded me of a puzzling phenomenon I've noticed for some time now:
The longer I study philosophy, the less I understand most
philosophers. I remember that when I read Kant's Kritik der reinen
Vernunft after leaving school, I thought I understood at least roughly
what is going on. A while ago, I had to look up his "refutation of
idealism" and felt completely lost.
In §27 of Meaning and Necessity, Carnap announces that all
mathematical concepts can be defined without the use of any class
expressions. The basic idea is to use Frege's system, but to replace all
occurrences of class variables with higher order variables. In particular,
the cardinal number of a property F is defined as the second order property
of being equinumerous to F (definition 27-4). "Thus, for example, '2' is a
predicator of second level" (p.117).
It appears that I'm allowed to make my thesis on Lewis available online. I've put it on a separate page where I might at some time add a couple of other papers I've written.
If anyone knows how to create PDF files that are readable on computer screens from PS files created by OzTeX, please let me know. I've already tried a) ps2pdf on Linux, 2) export as PDF from MacGSView, 3) Acrobat Distiller on Windows, each with all kinds of different settings. I always get files that look nice when printed, but crumbled on screen.
Apple was very quick shipping the (free) replacement adapter.
I've decided to bring order into my thoughts about Fregean thoughts by
writing a little paper. If all goes well, I'll hand it in as the termpaper
required for my MA. Since my last entry on this topic, I've found out that
there is a lively discussion among Frege scholars about the structure of
thoughts. Some, in particular Dummett, argue that Frege is, or should be,
committed to this view:
My notebook's AC adapter is broken, and I have to wait for Apple to ship a replacement. In the meantime don't expect much blogging or answering of emails.
I hope I won't be arrested by the time the adapter arrives: Today I received my tax assessment for 2001, and somewhat suprisingly it turns out I have to pay 40.000 Euros for that year in which I've earned about 3.000 Euros.
Another nice
problem from Brian Weatherson's weblog: Farrington is 50% confident
that it's after 4:30, and 50% confident that a certain coin
landed tails. Now he comes to know that iff the coin landed tails, some
researchers create a brain-in-a-vat duplicate of himself at exactly 4:30
today. What are the probabilities he should assign to the 5 open
possibilities:
This appears to be a problem for Lewis' theories of causation:
Let A,B,C,D be any events such that B depends counterfactually on A, and D
on C. Now consider the conjunction (fusion) B+C of B and C. If A had not
occurred, B+C would not have occurred. For then B would not have occurred,
and presumably B+C can't happen without B. And if B+C had not occurred, C
would not have occured either, so (unless the absence of B has some
surprising effects on D), D would not have occurred. Hence there is a
chain of counterfactual dependence between A and D. But since A,B,C,D were
arbitrary, this means that every cause causes every effect.
Today I found Montague's paper, and it turns out that I was
wrong. Well, Field's presentation was not entirely correct: We
shouldn't take Robinson arithmetic itself as R, but some extension of it
that contains an additional primitive predicate "True" (T, for short). The extension need
not say anything about this predicate. This is why T needn't represent
truth in R. (If R says nothing about T, T either represents nothing at
all or the inconsistent property, depending on how precisely we define
representation.) Montague then shows, very much like Field, that any
theory that contains R -- no matter if it's axiomatizable or not --,
as well as every instance of
So I've started to actually read Field's papers. Unfortunately I already
got stuck on page 4 of "The Semantic Paradoxes and the Paradoxes
of Truth". Field there discusses the following restriction of the
naive truth schema:
T**) If True(p) then p.
He notes that this is rather weak, since it doesn't even imply that there
are any truths at all. Hence, he says, one would presumably add principles like
I've been busy working on the logic book, playing with music software,
meeting friends, lazing around, looking after Magdalena (who was ill again), protesting
against the war, and thinking that it was a good
idea to have voted for Livingstone (as I did when I lived in London).
I hope to get back to philosophy soon.