Wolfgang Schwarz

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When I went to sleep yesterday it was still February. Apparently 2006 is international year of desertification.

Fine on Frege's Puzzle

In his John Locke Lectures, Kit Fine proposes a new solution to Frege's Puzzle (see in particular lecture 2 (warning: 'RTF' format -- unless you use a perfect intrinsic duplicate of Kit Fine's computer, that means you probably have to guess all the logical symbols)).

The puzzle, according to Fine, is that there is an intuitive semantic difference between "Cicero = Cicero" and "Cicero = Tully". That is puzzling on the assumption that the semantic contribution names make to sentences is only their referent.

Note to self

Never dist-upgrade while running out of battery power. At least always backup papers on attitude reports before destroying the file system...

What do we learn from experience?

Looking out of the window, I come to believe that it's snowing outside. I don't just add this single belief to my stock of beliefs; I conditionalize on something. On what?

It doesn't seem to be the proposition that the scene before my eyes contains the very features that caused my perception. Arguably, what caused my perception is H2O falling from the sky. If that was what I conditionalize on, I would take my present experience as evidence that snow is made of H2O, rather than XYZ. But I don't.

Trouble with Centered Worlds

I would like to say that

If X necessarily entails all truths, and if X's A-intension coincides with its C-intension, then X a priori entails all truths.

For suppose X -> P is not a priori for some truth P. Then X -> P is an a posteriori necessity. So we need information about the actual world to know what C-intension X -> P expresses, and whether it is true. But by assumption, this information is already contained in X, and since X's C-intension coincides with its A-intension, it cannot be hidden away in X so that we'd need further information to find out that X contains that information. Hence X a priori entails X -> P; and so X -> P is itself a priori.

Thanks, yes, I'm fine

It's just been rather cold here for the last few weeks, so I've spent most of my free time in cafes, writing a lengthy paper on the semantics of attitude reports. (I'll post it when it's reached Draft status.) In addition, the OS on my desktop computer is really broken right now. I guess I'll have to switch to something that works.

Making a Difference

This argument looks a lot better than it is:

Suppose some physical event E is causally necessitated by a certain distribution of physical properties P. Then if P occurs, E is bound to occur as well, no matter what else is the case. In particular, whether or not some non-physical event M also occurs before E will make no difference to E's occurrence. (Perhaps M nevertheless causes E, if E is overdetermined, or perhaps M is causally relevant in some even weaker sense, but at any rate M does not make a difference for E.)

To see the problem with this argument, consider a deterministic world where the occurrence of any event E at time t0 is causally necessitated by the state of the world at t-2 (before t): it obviously does not follow that the state of that world at t-1 makes no difference to E's occurrence.

Moorean Facts About Knowledge

For some reason, I find Moore's refutation of idealism ("here is a hand; therefore there is an external world") much more convincing than his refutation of skepticism ("I know that here is a hand; therefore I know that I am not a brain in a vat".) Why is that?

In both cases, Moore's argument would not convince his opponent who would obviously reject Moore's premise. So that's not the difference. I think the difference also isn't that skepticism is a philosophically stronger position than idealism. Rather, it seems to me that the premise against idealism is much more certain than the anti-skeptical premise. That here is a hand (or at least that there are hands) is about as certain as non-logical truths get, that I know that here is a hand is not. If I were to compile a list of Moorean facts -- of facts that are at least as certain as any philosophical argument against them --, I would include all kinds of facts about material objects, other people, experiences, mathematics and modality, but knowledge claims probably wouldn't make the list.

Lewisian Meaning Without Naturalness

Here's a draft of a paper I wrote in the mountains, mainly summarizing a few old blog entries: Lewisian Meaning Without Naturalness (PDF).

Trust and Dyadic Conventions

I had another look at Lewis's trust condition on linguistic conventions. It says that the members of a linguistic community generally take utterances of a sentence as evidence that the sentence is true. My opinion up to now has been that insofar as this condition is correct, it is redundant, and insofar as it is not redundant, it is incorrect.

The condition seems mostly redundant because the convention of truthfulness already requires of everyone to impute truthfulness to others. To be truthful means to try to utter sentences only when they are true. So by partaking in the convention of truthfulness in English, I already expect you to utter "it's raining" only when you believe that it's raining. So unless I believe your opinions about the weather are unreliable, I will take your utterance as evidence for rain. No need for an additional convention of trust.